List of General Microcurrent Studies

Cells

Macfelda, K., Holly, A., & Mueller, J. (2015). Significant Enhancement of ATP-Synthesis in Cardiomyocytes By Electric Microcurrent. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 21(8), S19.

Cheng, N., van Hoof, H., Bockx, E., Hoogmartens, M. J., Mulier, J. C., de Dijcker, F. J., Sansen, W. M., & de Loecker, W., (1982). The effects of electric currents on ATP generation, protein synthesis, and membrane transport in rat skin. Clin orthop relat res, 171, 264-272.

Lohrasebi, A., Jamali, Y., & Rafii-Tabar, H. (2008). Modeling the effect of external electric field and current on the stochastic dynamics of ATPase nano-biomolecular motors. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 387(22), 5466-5476.

Kwon, D. R., Kwon, H., Lee, W. R., & Park, J. (2016). Investigating effects of nano-to micro-ampere alternating current stimulation on Trichophyton rubrum growth. Annals of Dermatology, 28(5), 575-578.

Pain

Tan, G., Alvarez, J. A., & Jensen, M. P. (2006). Complementary and alternative medicine approaches to pain management. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(11), 1419-1431.

Chronic Pain

Holubec, J. T. (2009). Cumulative response from cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) for chronic pain. Practical Pain Management, 9, 80-83.

Lerner, F. N., & Kirsch, D. L. (1981). A double-blind comparative study of microstimulation and placebo effect in the short-term treatment of the chronic back pain patient. Journal of American Chiropractic Association, 15, 101-106.

Koopman, J. S., Vrinten, D. H., & van Wijck, A. J. M. (2009). Efficacy of microcurrent therapy in the treatment of chronic nonspecific back pain: a pilot study. The Clinical journal of pain, 25(6), 495-499.

Zimmerman, S. I., & Lerner, F. N. (1989). Biofeedback and electromedicine, reduce the cycle of pain spasm-pain in low-back patients. American Journal Of Electromedicine, 108-120.

Kulkarni, A. D. (2001). The use of microcurrent electrical therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation in pain control. Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine, 2, 99-103.

McMakin, C. (1998). Microcurrent treatment of myofascial pain in the head, neck, and face. Topics in Clinical Chiropractic, 5(1), 29-35.

Zuim, P. R. J., Garcia, A. R., Turcio, K. H. L., & Hamata, M. M. (2006). Evaluation of microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation (MENS) effectiveness on muscle pain in temporomandibular disorders patients. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 14(1), 61-66.

Dertinger, H., Henke, R., & Mikus, E. W. J. (2003). Frequenzmodulierte Wechselströme sind erfolgreich in der Therapie des Morbus Sudeck. Archives for Sensology and Neurootology in Science and Practice, 1.

Chevalier, A., Armstrong, K., & Gokal, R. (2016). Microcurrent point stimulation applied to acupuncture points for the treatment of non-specific lower back pain. J Altern Complement Integr Med, 2(2).

Chapman-Jones, D., & Hill, D. (2002). Novel microcurrent treatment is more effective than conventional therapy for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: randomised comparative trial. Physiotherapy, 88(8), 471-480.

Tan, G., Rintala, D. H., Thornby, J. I., Yang, J., Wade, W., & Vasilev, C. (2006). Using cranial electrotherapy stimulation to treat pain associated with spinal cord injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 43(4), 461-474.

Tan, G., Rintala, D. H., Jensen, M. P., Richards, J. S., Holmes, S. A., Parachuri, R., ... & Price, L. R. (2011). Efficacy of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury: a multi-site randomized controlled trial with a secondary 6-month open-label phase. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 34(3), 285-296.

Postoperative Pain

Sarhan, T. M., & Doghem, M. A. (2009). Effect of microcurrent skin patch on the epidural fentanyl requirements for post-operative pain relief of total hip arthroplasty. Middle East J Anesthesiol, 20(3), 411-416.

Lee, S. H., Kim, W. Y., Lee, C. H., Min, T. J., Lee, Y. S., Kim, J. H., & Park, Y. C. (2013). Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on preoperative anxiety, pain and endocrine response. Journal of International Medical Research, 41(6), 1788-1795.

Gabriel, A., Sobota, R., Gialich, S., & Maxwell, G. P. (2013). The use of targeted microcurrent therapy in postoperative pain management. Plastic Surgical Nursing, 33(1), 6-8.

Arthritis

Chung, J., & Cho, N. (2015). Micro-current treatment effects on pain, balance of the degenerative knee arthritis. Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine, 3(2), 9-16.

Kaya Mutlu, E., Ercin, E., Razak Ozdıncler, A., & Ones, N. (2018). A comparison of two manual physical therapy approaches and electrotherapy modalities for patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized three arm clinical trial. Physiotherapy theory and practice, 34(8), 600-612.

Fibromyalgia

Cork, R. C., Wood, P., Ming, N., Clifton, S., James, E., & Price, L. (2004). The effect of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on pain associated with fibromyalgia. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology, 8(2).

Lichtbroun, A. S., Raicer, M. M. C., & Smith, R. B. (2001). The treatment of fibromyalgia with cranial electrotherapy stimulation. JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 7(2), 72-78.

Headache

Brotman, P. (1989). Low-intensity transcranial electrostimulation improves the efficacy of thermal biofeedback and quieting reflex training in the treatment of classical migraine headache. American Journal of Electromedicine, 6(5), 120-123.

Solomon, S., Elkind, A., Freitag, F., Gallagher, R. M., Moore, K., Swerdlow, B., & Malkin, S. (1989). Safety and effectiveness of cranial electrotherapy in the treatment of tension headache. Headache, 29(7), 445-450.

Muscle Function

Kwon, D. R., Kim, J., Kim, Y., An, S., Kwak, J., Lee, S., ... & Park, J. W. (2017). Short-term microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation to improve muscle function in the elderly: A randomized,

double-blinded, sham-controlled clinical trial. Medicine, 96(26).

Muscle Pain

Ho, L. O., Kwong, W. L., & Cheing, G. L. Y. (2007). Effectiveness of microcurrent therapy in the management of lateral epicondylitis: a pilot study. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal, 25(1), 14-20.

Muscle Fatigue and Soreness

Welch, M. (1992). Effects of microcurrent therapy on delayed onset muscle soreness. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 24(5), 146.

Curtis, D., Fallows, S., Morris, M., & McMakin, C. (2010). The efficacy of frequency-specific microcurrent therapy on delayed onset muscle soreness. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 14(3), 272-279.

Allen, J. D., Mattacola, C. G., & Perrin, D. H. (1999). Effect of microcurrent stimulation on delayed-onsetmuscle soreness: a double-blind comparison. Journal of Athletic Training, 34(4), 334-337.

Kang, D. H., Jeon, J. K., & Lee, J. H. (2015). Effects of low-frequency electrical stimulation on cumulative fatigue and muscle tone of the erector spinae. Journal of physical therapy science, 27(1), 105-108.

Wound Healing

Lee, B. Y., Wendell, K., Al-Waili, N., & Butler, G. (2007). Ultra-low microcurrent therapy: a novel approach for the treatment of chronic resistant wounds. Advances in Therapy, 24(6), 1202-1209.

Baker, L. L., Rubayi, S., Villar, F., & Demuth, S. K. (1996). Effect of electrical stimulation waveform on the healing of ulcers in human beings with spinal cord injury. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 4(1), 21-28.

Baker, L. L., Chambers, R., DeMuth, S. K., & Villar, F. (1997). Effects of electrical stimulation on wound healing in patients with diabetic ulcers. Diabetes care, 20(3), 405-412.

Huckfeldt, R., Mikkelson, K., & Larson, L. (2003, February). The use of microcurrent and autocatalytic silver plated nylon dressings in human burn patients: a feasibility study. In Maui, Hawaii: Proceedings of John Boswick Burn and Wound Symposium.

Sarhan, T. M., & Doghem, M. A. (2009). Effect of microcurrent skin patch on the epidural fentanyl requirements for post-operative pain relief of total hip arthroplasty. Middle East J Anesthesiol, 20(3), 411- 416.

Anxiety

Barclay, T. H., & Barclay, R. D. (2014). A clinical trial of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety and comorbid depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164, 171-177.

Bystritsky, A., Kerwin, L., & Feusner, J. (2008). A pilot study of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(3), 412-417.

Gibson, T. H., & O’Hair, D. E. (1987). Cranial application of low-level transcranial electrotherapy vs. relaxation instruction in anxious patients. American Journal of Electromedicine, 4(1), 18-21.

Kim, H. J., Kim, W. Y., Lee, Y. S., Chang, M. S., Kim, J. H., & Park, Y. C. (2008). The effect of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on preoperative anxiety and hemodynamic responses. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 55(6), 657-661.

Overcash, S. J. (1999). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in patients suffering from acute anxiety disorders. American Journal of Electromedicine, 30, 49-52.

Schmitt, R., Capo, T., & Boyd, E. (1986). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation as a treatment for anxiety in chemically dependent persons. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 10(2), 158-160.

Winick, R. L. (1999). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES): a safe and effective low-cost means of anxiety control in a dental practice. General Dentistry, 47(1), 50-55.

Yixin, C., Lin, Y., Jiuping, Z., Lejia, L., Tunong, C., & Yi, C. (2007). Results of cranial electrotherapy stimulation to children with mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 19(4), 203-205.

Lee, S. H., Kim, W. Y., Lee, C. H., Min, T. J., Lee, Y. S., Kim, J. H., & Park, Y. C. (2013). Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on preoperative anxiety, pain and endocrine response. Journal of International Medical Research, 41(6), 1788-1795.

Depression

Gunther, M., & Phillips, K. D. (2010). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the treatment of depression. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 48(11), 37-42.

Kavirajan, H. C., Lueck, K., & Chuang, K. (2014). Alternating current cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. Yixin, C., Lin, Y., Jiuping, Z., Lejia, L., Tunong, C., & Yi, C. (2007). Results of cranial electrotherapy stimulation to children with mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 19(4), 203-205.

Barclay, T. H., & Barclay, R. D. (2014). A clinical trial of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety and comorbid depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164, 171-177.Gilula, M. F., & Kirsch, D. L. (2005). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation review: a safer alternative to psychopharmaceuticals in the treatment of depression. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(2), 7-26.

Roh, H. T., & So, W. Y. (2017). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation affects mood state but not levels of peripheral neurotrophic factors or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. Technology and Health Care, 25(3), 403-412.

Stress

Mellen, R. R., & Mackey, W. (2008). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) and the reduction of stress symptoms in a sheriff’s jail security and patrol officer population: A pilot study. American Jails, 22, 32-38.

Phobias

Smith, R. B., & Shiromoto, F. N. (1992). The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation to block fear perception in phobic patients. Current Therapeutic Research, 51(2), 249-253.

Learning

Madden, R. E., & Kirsch, D. L. (1987). Low-intensity transcranial electrostimulation improves human learning of a psychomotor task. American Journal of Electromedicine, 2, 41-45.

Attention, Concentration

Southworth, S. (1999). A study of the effects of cranial electrical stimulation on attention and concentration. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 34(1), 43-53.

Insomnia

Lande, R. G., & Gragnani, C. (2012). Efficacy of cranial electric stimulation for the treatment of insomnia: a randomized pilot study. Complementary therapies in medicine, 21(1), 8-13.

Barabasz, A. F. (1976). Treatment of insomnia in depressed patients by hypnosis and cerebral electrotherapy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 19(2), 120-122.

Skin Care

Saniee, F., Shirazi, H. R. G., Kalantari, K. K., Yazdanpanah, P., Soltani, A. R., Dabiri, N., Shirazi, N. G., & Karimpour, F. (2012). Consider of micro-current’s effect to variation of facial wrinkle trend, randomized clinical trial study. Life Science Journal, 9(3), 1184-1189.

Jain, S., & Arora, M. (2012). Effect of microcurrent facial muscle toning on fine wrinkles & firmness of face. IAMR Journal of Physiotherapy, 1(1), 13-19.

Kern, D., Riggs, M., & Knaggs, H. (2019). A Novel Microcurrent Device to Improve Skin Structure and Appearance. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 139(9), 329.

Aggression

Childs, A. (2005). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation reduces aggression in a violent retarded population: a preliminary report. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 17(4), 548-551.

Cravings

Eidelman, W. S. (2009). Control of cigarette cravings with cranial electrotherapy stimulation. The Townsend Letter for Doctors, 311(6), 81-85.

Macular Degeneration

Chaikin, L., Kashiwa, K., Bennet, M., Papastergiou, G., & Gregory, W. (2015). Microcurrent stimulation in the treatment of dry and wet macular degeneration. Clinical Ophthalmology, 9, 2345-2353.

Joints

Bertolucci, L. E., & Grey, T. (1995). Clinical comparative study of microcurrent electrical stimulation to mid-laser and placebo treatment in degenerative joint disease of the temporomandibular joint. The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice, 13(2), 116-120.

Fibrosis

Lennox, A. J., Shafer, J. P., Hatcher, M., Beil, J., & Funder, S. J. (2002). Pilot study of impedance-controlled microcurrent therapy for managing radiation-induced fibrosis in head-and-neck cancer patients. Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys, 54(1), 23-34.

Bones

Richez, J., Chamay, A., & Biéler, L. (1972). Bone changes due to pulses of direct electric microcurrent. Virchows Archiv A, 357, 11-18.

Postoperative rehabilitation

Rockstroh, G., Schleicher, W., & Krummenauer, F. (2010). Effectiveness of microcurrent therapy as a constituent of post-hospital rehabilitative treatment in patients after total knee all arthroplasty - a randomized clinical trial. Die Rehabilitation, 49(3), 173-179.